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(1983) Object Relations in Psychoanalytic Theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
In turn, each theoretical formulation influenced the perception, evaluation, and understanding of the clinical data, until a point was reached at which the theoretical strain was such that a (somewhat radical) change in theory had to be made in order to encompass the new observations, It is quite striking how the development of psychoanalytic theory parallels in its form the changes that have been observed and described in other fields (see Kuhn, 1962).z
The second phase lasted from 1897 to 1923 and was a period of rapid and substantial development in psychoanalytic theory and practice.
Although the third phase, which can be thought of as commencing with the publication of The Ego and the Id (Freud, 1923b), brought considerable changes, many general accounts of psychoanalytic theory focus on the discoveries and formulations of the second phase.
The change in Freud's ideas allowed him to make a major distinction between "historical" (objective) and "psychical" truth as well as to formulate key concepts of psychoanalytic theory, such as repression, conflict, repetition compulsion, and projection.،It is highly significant that psychoanalysis and most psychoanalytic theories ignores that it is 'our knotted understanding' that is critical and substitutes pictures of an inner world containing an ego, the I, or the subject.
Psychoanalytic theory
Psychoanalytic theory is based on Freud's notion of psychotherapy as being a scientific process built on inferences about the nature of the mind.
Psychoanalytic theory becomes a mir- ror in which we can discover and explain everybody else's confusions but one's own.
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